GRADE outcomes or studies: how to use the GRADE approach correctly?

To grade or not to grade.

Effect of Grade Retention in First Grade on Psychosocial Outcomes.

In a 4-year longitudinal study, the authors investigated effects of retention in first grade on children's externalizing and internalizing behaviors; social acceptance; and behavioral, cognitive, and affective engagement. From a large multiethnic sample (n = 784) of children below the median on literacy at school entrance, 124 retained children were matched with 251 promoted children on the bas...

How to grade categories of evidence.

In this issue, the revised version of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for the Pharmacological Treatment of Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders are published (Bandelow et al. 2002). Although only 7 years have passed since the first publication of the guidelines, the Task Force now saw a need for a revised version, as new...

Histologically benign or low-grade malignant tumors adjacent to high-grade ovarian carcinomas contain molecular characteristics of high-grade carcinomas.

It is presently not clear if ovarian carcinomas arise de novo or from benign precursors (cystadenomas) and if high-grade malignant tumors (carcinomas) develop from preexisting low-grade carcinomas. The presence of allelic losses on chromosome 11p15.5 distinguishes high-grade ovarian carcinomas from either low-grade carcinomas or cystadenomas. We therefore examined the distribution of such losse...

How to Use Glutaraldehyde

 الهای متمادی است که سرویس های بهداشتی گلوتار آلدئید را بعنوان یک ماده استریل کننده برای وسایلی که نسبت به گرما حساس هستند مورد استفاده قرار می دهند. همزمان با افزایش تقاضا برای استفاده از اندوسکوپی، استفاده از گلوتار آلدئید و تماس با آن نیز افزایش یافته است. باید خاطر نشان ساخت گلوتار آلدئید می تواند سبب ایجاد حساسیت های پوستی، چشمی و تنفسی گردد که نهایتاً امکان دارد این حساسیت به آسم و رنیت آل...